Assignments
English 3900: Critical Approaches to Literature, Spring 2010
Section 01 (CRN 20270): TR 2:00-3:15PM, Arts & Sciences 340B
In Class Activities
1. Combining Perspectives
Break into three groups to discuss how today's essays combine different theoretical methods. The person who wrote the article summary will informal present her response as well as report your group's findings to the class.
Groups
- Susan Meyer, from "'Your Father Was Emperor of China, and Your Mother an Indian Queen': Reverse Imperialism in Wuthering Heights" (Brontë 478-502)
- Kaoru Kobori and 3 others
- Cynthia Griffin Wolff, "Un-utterable Longing: The Discourse of Feminine Sexuality in Kate Chopin's The Awakening"
- Joshua Ware and 3 others
- Sheila Teahan, "'I caught him, yes, I told him": The Ghostly Effects of Reading (in) The Turn of the Screw"
- Ryan Vincent and 3 others
Questions
- List three critical approaches to literature found in the article.
- Describe three interpretive conclusions stemming from the three methods in Question #1.
- Using your discussion in Question #2, reverse engineer the three theoretical questions that the critic asked of the novel.
Discussion Board Responses
Sign up for two discussion board responses / article summaries: one on a work of theory and one on a work of criticism.
GeorgiaVIEW Post
You will summarize a particular theorist's essay and post your summary to our course discussion board at GeorgiaVIEW > Discussions > Article Summaries. The summary should
- be 500-750 words long (I suggest composing and saving your summary in a word processing program before cutting and pasting into GeorgiaVIEW),
- summarize the article's argument,
- define key terms,
- and include questions for class discussion.
Informal Presentation
You will also be responsible for a brief, informal presentation which introduces the essay by defining key points and terms (without simply reading your written summary) and broaching issues for class discussion.
Due Dates
- Your written article summary will be due in GeorgiaVIEW > Discussions > Article Summaries on the Thursday before we discuss an essay in class. If you do not submit your written summary to Blackboard before the article is discussed in class, you will fail the assignment.
- Your brief, informal presentation will be due on the day we discuss the essay in class. This date is approximate for we sometimes fall a day behind.
- I will return your graded article summary to you in GeorgiaVIEW > Assignments > Summary 1: Theory or, for criticism, Summary 2: Criticism by the week after we discussed the article in class.
- For example, we are scheduled to discuss Saussure on Thursday, 1-28. Therefore, someone's summary will be due in GeorgiaVIEW by Thursday, 1-21. In class on Thursday, 1-28, that student will informally present the main ideas of Saussure's essay. I will return the graded article summary to her the following week in GeorgiaVIEW >Assignments > Summary 1: Theory.
Note: As I wrote on the syllabus course schedule, we may have to slow down for certain theorists and theories. We will not be able to discuss each and every article in class. Thus, some articles may only be summarized on GeorgiaVIEW's Article Summaries discussion board and presented to the class by the person assigned to the article. Therefore, it is extremely important for each person to turn in the summaries on time and attend class for the presentation component. Summaries will be penalized one letter grade for each day, not class period, that they are turned in late. Failing to present the article to the class without providing a valid absence excuse will result in a one letter grade penalty.
Class Discussion Date | Article | Student | |
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Criticism: Tyson, "'Seek and ye shall find' . . . and Then Lose: A Structuralist Reading of The Great Gatsby" |
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Theory: Saussure, from Course in General Linguistics |
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Theory: Propp, "Morphology of the Folk-tale" |
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Theory: Barthes, from Mythologies |
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Theory: Chatman, "The Structure of Narrative Transmission" |
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Theory: Derrida, "Différance" |
Bethany Deskins |
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Criticism: Tyson, "'. . . the thrilling, returning trains of my you . . .': A Deconstructive Reading of The Great Gatsby |
Chris McKenzie |
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Theory: Johnson, "Writing" |
Chris McKenzie |
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Theory: Cixous, "The Newly Born Woman" |
Cameron Wellman |
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Criticism: Yaeger, "'A Language Which Nobody Understood": Emancipatory Strategies in The Awakening" |
Katie Conrad |
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Theory: Lyotard, "The Postmodern Condition" |
Caitlin Connolly |
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Theory: Baudrillard, "Simulacra and Simulations" |
Ryan Vincent |
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Theory: Marx, "Wage Labor and Capital" Theory: Marx, "Capital" |
Brent Justice |
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Criticism: Tyson, "You Are What You Own: A Marxist Reading of The Great Gatsby" |
Allison Turner |
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Theory: Althusser, "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses" |
Kaoru Kobori |
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Theory: Macherey, "For a Theory of Literary Production" |
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Criticism: Eagleton, "Myths of Power: A Marxist Study on Wuthering Heights" |
Caitlin Connolly |
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Theory: Horkheimer and Adorno, "The Culture Industry as Mass Deception" |
Ivan Soto |
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Theory: Fiske, "Culture, Ideology, Interpellation" |
Allison Turner |
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Criticism: Armstrong, "Imperialist Nostalgia and Wuthering Heights" |
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Theory: Hebdige, "Subculture: The Meaning of Style" |
Drew Thomas |
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Criticism: Robbins, "'They don't much count, do they?" The Unfinished History of The Turn of the Screw" |
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Criticism: Tyson, "'. . . next they'll throw everything overboard . . .': A Feminist Reading of The Great Gatsby" |
Cameron Wellman |
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Theory: Irigaray, "The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine" Theory: Irigaray, "Women on the Market" |
Carol Floyd |
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Theory: Gilbert and Gubar, "The Madwoman in the Attic" |
Katie Conrad |
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Criticism: Pykett, "Changing the Names: The Two Catherines" |
Bethany Deskins |
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Theory: Foucault, "The History of Sexuality" |
Leslie Ann Ibbotson |
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Theory: Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution" |
Kelly Sessions |
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Criticism: Showalter, "Tradition and the Female Talent: The Awakening as a Solitary Book" |
Carol Floyd |
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Criticism: LeBlanc, "The Metaphorical Lesbian: Edna Pontellier in The Awakening" |
Kelly Sessions |
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Criticism: Walton, "'He took no notice of her; he looked at me': Subjectivies and Sexualities in The Turn of the Screw" |
Drew Thomas |
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Criticism: Moon, "A Small Boy and Others: Sexual Disorientation in Henry James, Kenneth Anger, and David Lynch" |
Ivan Soto |
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Criticism: Meyer, from "'Your Father Was Emperor of China, and Your Mother an Indian Queen': Reverse Imperialism in Wuthering Heights" |
Kaoru Kobori |
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Criticism: Wolff, "Un-utterable Longing: The Discourse of Feminine Sexuality in Kate Chopin's The Awakening" |
Joshua Ware |
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Criticism: Teahan, "'I caught him, yes, I told him": The Ghostly Effects of Reading (in) The Turn of the Screw" |
Ryan Vincent |
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Criticism: Tyson, "The Discourse of the Self-Made Man: A New Historical Reading of The Great Gatsby" |
Brent Justice |
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Theory: Williams, "The Country and the City" |
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Theory: Greenblatt, "Shakespeare and the Exorcists" |
Joshua Ware |
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Criticism: Stange, "Personal Property: Exchange Value and the Female Self in The Awakening" |
Leslie Ann Ibbotson |
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Exam 1
Exam 1 will cover the New Criticism and structuralism and will be taken in class on Tuesday, February 9. There will be two essay questions. In the first essay, you will be asked to compare and contrast the New Criticism and structuralist methodologies. The second essay question will ask you to demonstrate and practice the New Criticism and structuralist critical approaches to literature on your choice of text from the following: Ai's "Fairy Tale," Anne Sexton's "Red Riding Hood" or Angela Carter's "The Company of Wolves," all available in GeorgiaVIEW's Course Documents. You may bring printouts of the literature to the exam; but you may not use your textbooks.
Your theory essay will be graded on 1) your ability to balance a broad understanding of the general theory with a healthy amount of specific terms from particular theorists as well as on 2) your ability to assess similarities and differences between the two general theories.
Your application essay will be graded not on what you interpret and conclude but rather on 1) how you interpret the text. Illustrate your understanding of the methodologies by making apparent the questions a New Critic and structuralist ask of a text.
If I were to study for this exam, I would 1) create an outline of key terms and compose their definitions, 2) write practice essays comparing and contrasting New Criticism and structuralism using those keys terms, and 3) write practice essays interpreting the Red Riding Hood literature from New Critic and structuralist perspectives using those key terms.
Note: It is impossible to illustrate your knowledge of all of these terms in a 75 minute exam. Prioritize the ones that are fundamental for an understanding of the general theory and distinguish particular theorists within that theory.
- New Criticism and Russian Formalism
- Tyson, "Everything You Wanted to Know about Critical Theory" and "New Criticism"
- literary criticism
- literary/critical theory
- biographical criticism
- intrinsic/objective/formalist criticism
- intentional fallacy
- affective fallacy
- close reading
- "the text itself"
- timeless, autonomous (self-sufficient) verbal object
- heresy of paraphrase
- literary language
- organic unity
- paradox
- irony
- ambiguity
- tension
- figurative language
- metaphor/simile
- symbol
- Rivkin and Ryan, "Formalisms"
- practical vs literary language
- scientific vs artistic truth
- Eichenbaum, "The Formal Method"
- literariness
- poetic vs practical language
- autonomy of sounds in verse
- "form as the specific criterion of perception in art" and "palpableness of [art's] construction"
- plot vs story-stuff
- Shklovksy, "Art as Technique"
- defamiliarizing art of poetic language, i.e., formed speech vs automatism of habituated perception of ordinary prose speech
- Brooks, "The Formalist Critics" and "The Heresy of Paraphrase"
- New Criticism manifesto "article of faith"
- New Critic's view of author and reader
- relationship between criticism and creation
- language of paradox and irony
- Wimsatt, "The Structure of the Concrete Universal"
- denotation/connotation
- verbal structure
- poetic concreteness vs scientific/logical abstraction
- types of concrete universals: character and metaphor
- variety in unity
- objective criticis
- Structuralism and Semiotics
- Tyson, Ch7 "Structuralist Criticism"
- structure
- surface phenomenom vs underlying structure
- wholeness, transformation, self-regulation
- structural linguistics
- diachrony/synchrony
- langue/parole
- difference
- arbitrary
- binary opposition
- signifier/signified/sign
- structural anthropology
- mythemes
- semiotics
- sign system
- index/icon/symbol
- three practices of structuralist literary analysis
- literary genre
- Frye's theory of myths/mythoi, archetypal criticism
- narratology/narrative theory
(you don't need to know all of these! just be able to discuss/apply one or two)
- Greimas' actants and contractual/performative/disjunctive structures
- Todorov's proposition and sequence
- Genette's story/narrative/narration, tense (order/duration/frequency), mood (distance/perspective), voice
- literary interpretation
- Culler's literary conventions (convention distance and impersonality, naturalization, rule of significance, rule of metaphorical coherence, rule of thematic unity)
- Saussure, from Course in General Linguistics
- semiology
- diachrony vs synchrony
- langue vs parole
- sign; signifier vs signified
- arbitrary nature of the sign
- negative, differential value
- "language is a form and not a substance"
- Propp, "Morphology of the Folk-tale"
- actions/functions within folk-tales
- "All fairy tales are of one type in regard to their structure..."
- Barthes, from Mythologies
- myth/mythical system: second-order semiological system
- pure signifying function
- language-object vs metalanguage
- Chatman (you don't need to know all of these! just be able to discuss/apply a healthy number of his categories)
- narrative discourse vs story
- narrative discourse
- process vs existence statements
- process statements: enacts, recounts, presents, or describes
- direct vs covert narrative transmission
- author vs narrator vs author-narrator vs implied author vs character-narrator
- narrative utterence, i.e., speech act (illocutionary/locutionary/perlocutionary)
- speech (external voice) vs thought (internal voice)
- tagged vs free style
- transcription of written records (journal novel vs epistolary novel) vs speech records (dramatic monologue vs dialogue vs soliloquy)
- stream of consciousness or interior monologue: free direct thought vs indirect free thought
- process vs existence statements
Exam 2
- Essay 1
- Compare and contrast 1) how two generic theorists (a generic poststructuralist theorist and a generic Marxist theorist) approach art and literature in terms of meaning and 2) how two specific theorists (a specific poststructuralist theorist such as Derrida, Johnson, Cixous, Lyotard, or Baudrillard and a specific Marxist and Cultural Studies theorist such as Althusser, Macherey, Horkheimer and Adorno, Fiske, or Hebdige) approach art and literature in terms of meaning. What is meaningful and what constitutes meaning inside or outside of a text? Use and define key terms that have significance and meaning for the general theory and key terms particular to a specific theorist.
- Your essay should cover
- a general understanding of poststructuralist literary theory
- a specific understanding of a particular poststructuralist literary theorist (Derrida, Johnson, Cixous, Lyotard, or Baudrillard)
- a general understanding of Marxist and Cultural Studies literary theory
- a specific understanding of a particular Marxist and Cultural Studies literary theorist (Althusser, Macherey, Horkheimer and Adorno, Fiske, or Hebdige)
- a comparison and contrast of the two literary theories
- Essay 2
- Choose either 1) Lawrence Ferlinghetti's bookmarked poetry, 2) Franz Kafka's "A Hunger Artist," or 3) La Femme Nikita all available in GeorgiaView Course Documents, and then write an essay that compares and contrasts a poststructuralist reading with a Marxist reading. 1) Discuss a specific poststructuralist literary theorist's (Derrida, Johnson, Cixous, Lyotard, or Baudrillard) method for analyzing literature and then interpret your selected work based on that approach. 2) Discuss a specific Marxist and Cultural Studies (Althusser, Macherey, Horkheimer and Adorno, Fiske, or Hebdige) theorist's method for analyzing literature and then interpret your selected work based on that approach. 3) Compare and contrast your two readings of the work of literature. How would the particular theorists (both of your choosing, but not repeating an author used in the first essay) interpret the work with their particular versions of the general method, and how might the readings be similar and different? Unlike a traditional literature essay exam which would only require you to elucidate the meaning of the work of literature, your answer in this exam should explicitly exemplify the methods that guide interpretation of meaning. In other words, your essay should illustrate the differing interpretive theories that underlie the practice of criticism.
- Note: Do not discuss a particular theorist more than once on your exam. For example, if you analyze Cixous in Essay 1, you cannot apply her theory in Essay 2 and vice versa.
- Your essay should cover
- a specific reading of the work of literature by defining and applying a particular poststructuralist theorist's methodology (Derrida, Johnson, Cixous, Lyotard, or Baudrillard)
- a specific reading of the work of literature by defining and applying either a particular Marxist or Cultural Studies (Althusser, Macherey, Horkheimer and Adorno, Fiske, or Hebdige) theorist's methodology.
- a comparison and contrast of the two readings
- Due: Thursday, April 1 via TurnItIn.com > Exam 2
- Length: Each essay should be 5-7 pages long, for a total of 10-14 pages. Exams not meeting the length requirement will be penalized per syllabus policy.
- Format: MLA style in Microsoft Word 2003, Microsoft Word 2007, or Rich-Text Format.
- The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers contains complete information on MLA style.
- Per syllabus policy, conform your take-home exam to MLA style, or one-third of a letter grade will be penalized for improprieties in each of the following categories: 1) heading, running header, and margins, 2) font and line-spacing, and 3) in-text quoting and block quoting.
- Grade: You will be assessed on your understanding of 1) the two methodologies, 2) the four specific theorists, 3) connections and distinctions among the methods and theorists, and 4) how to apply the methods and theorists. Your graded assignment will be returned to GeorgiaView > Assignments > Exam 2 approximately one week after you submit it.
Exam 3
- Essay 1
- Compare and contrast feminism/gender studies with a theory of your choice from among New Historicism, Post-Colonialism, Queery Theory, or African-American Criticism. 1) how two generic theorists (a generic feminist/gender studies theorist and the generic theorist of your choice) approach art and literature in terms of meaning and 2) how two specific theorists (a specific feminist/gender studies theorist and a specific theorist of your choice) approach art and literature in terms of meaning. What is meaningful and what constitutes meaning inside or outside of a text? Use and define key terms that have significance and meaning for the general theory and key terms particular to a specific theorist.
- Your essay should cover
- a general understanding of feminism/gender studies theory
- a specific understanding of a particular feminist/gender studies theorist
- a general understanding of either New Historicism, Post-Colonialism, Queer Theory, or African-American Criticism
- a specific understanding of a specific theorist from your chosen theory
- a comparison and contrast of the two literary theories
- Essay 2
- Write a thesis-driven interpretation of a work of literature of your choice applying any two specific theorists of your choice from the theorist. Be sure to prove your reading of the work by analyzing textual evidence from the work (provide primary text quotations); be sure to prove your understanding of the two theorists' methodologies by discussing how the theories critically approach a work of literature (provide quotations from the theoretical articles, too).
- Your essay should cover
- an overarching thesis
- textual analysis of the work itself
- combine two specific theorists' perspectives in your interpretation
- Due: Tuesday, May 4 via TurnItIn.com > Exam 3
- Length: Each essay should be 5-7 pages long, for a total of 10-14 pages. Exams not meeting the length requirement will be penalized per syllabus policy.
- Format: MLA style in Microsoft Word 2003, Microsoft Word 2007, or Rich-Text Format.
- The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers contains complete information on MLA style.
- Per syllabus policy, conform your take-home exam to MLA style, or one-third of a letter grade will be penalized for improprieties in each of the following categories: 1) heading, running header, and margins, 2) font and line-spacing, and 3) in-text quoting and block quoting.
- Grades, Comments, and Paper Return:
- You can access your final grade in the course via MyCats after May 10.
- In order to read and assess all the exams and papers in my four classes by the final grade deadline, I will not be giving feedback on final exams this semester. I am glad to put your paper grade in GeorgiaVIEW > Assignments > Exam 3 if you ask me to do so on your paper. I am happy to provide paper feedback at the beginning of fall semester if you email me to set up a conference. Let me know if you are a graduating senior who wants paper feedback.