AsSiGNMENTS

English 3900 Critical Approaches to Literature, Fall 2020

TR 3:30-4:45 p.m., Online

Interpretation Survey

Spend a few moments writing all the questions you ask of every work of literature you read and post to GeorgiaVIEW > Discussions > Assignments and Discussion Questions. We'll post your questions here, and throughout the semester we'll compare them to the questions the theorists we're reading would ask.

 

Here are the questions our class asks:

• Author
  • Who is the author? What's her personal history and world view? What's her gender and and sexual identity?
  • Is the work autobiographical? Is there a standin for the author among the main characters?
  • What are the editorial and publication history, and how does that shape the meaning of the work?
• Time Period
  • What was the cultural, economic, political, and social environment of the time period in which the author lived and the work was written? Does that have an impact on the work's ideas?
• Reader
  • Can I relate to the characters and themes? Would I make the same choices as the characters?
• Genre
  • What is the genre of the literary work?
• Character
  • Who is the protagonist? the antagonist? the main characters?
  • Are the characters sympathetic or not?
• Conflict
  • What is the central conflict?
• Point of View
  • What is the point of view? Is it consistent, or does it change?
  • Is the narrator reliable or unreliable?
  • What is the relationship between the narrator and the author?
• Plot and Structure
  • What is the structure? Does the plot make sense?
  • Can the ending be predicted?
• Setting
  • What is the time period?
• Symbol
  • What are the major symbols?
• Style and Other Literary Devices
  • Does the work have a particular style?
  • What literary devices convey the message?
• Theme
  • What are the themes? Are the ideas contradictory?
  • What does the book convey, intentionally or not, about social issues and norms at the time of writing and the time of reading?
  • Is the message important?
• Criticism
  • What criticisms are best used to approach this specific work?

Here are the questions the theorists we're reading would ask any work of literature:

• Formalist Criticisms: Liberal Humanism, New Criticism, and Russian Formalism
  • Overview: What single interpretation of the text best establishes its organic unity from? In other words, how do the text's formal elements, and the multiple meanings those elements produce, all work together to support the theme, or overall meaning, of the work? Remember, a great work will have a theme of universal human significance. (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 150)
  • John Crowe Ransom, "Criticism, Inc.": Without considering external factors like Marxist and New Humanist morality or reader emotion, what does the scientific, systematic business of criticism reveal about the work of literature?
  • Cleanth Brooks, "The Heresy of Paraphrase": Without paraphrasing the work, what is the essential and meaningful poetic/artistic structure of the literary text?
  • William K. Wimsatt, Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley, "The Intentional Fallacy": Disregarding external, private evidence, what internal structure and public evidence points to the meaning of the work?
    • "The Affective Fallacy": Without considering the author's intention or the emotional effect of the work on the reader, what does the work say (as opposed to do)?
  • T. S. Eliot, "Tradition and the Individual Talent": Describe the meaning of the work of literature in relation to its literary tradition. What new emotions does the work of literature create from the raw material of personality that the writer seeks to escape?
  • F. R. Leavis, from The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad: How does the work "not only change the possibilities of the art for practitioners and readers" but promotoes an "awareness of the possibilities of life"?
• Psychoanalytic Criticism
  • Overview: How do the operations of repression structure or inform the work? That is, what unconscious motives are operating in the main character(s); what core issues are thereby illustrated; and how do these core issues structure or inform the piece?
    • Are there any oedipal dynamics—or any other family dynamics—at work here? That is, is it possible to relate a character's patterns of adult behaviour to early experiences in the family as represented in the story? How do these patterns of behavior and family dynamics operate and what do they reveal?
    • How can characters' behavior, narrative events, and/or images be explained in terms of psychoanalytic concepts of any kind (for example, regression, crisis, projection, fear of or fascination with death, sexuality—which includes love and romance as well as sexual behavior—as a primary indicator of psychological identity, or the operations of ego-id-superego)?
    • In what ways can we view a literary work as analogous to a dream? That is, how might recurrent or striking dream symbols reveal the ways in which the narrator or speaker is projecting his or her unconscious desires, fears, wounds, or unresolved conflicts onto other characters, onto the setting, or onto the events portrayed?
    • What does the work suggest about the psychological being of its author? Psychoanalyzing an author in this [psychobiographical] manner is a difficult undertaking, and our analysis must be carefully derived by examining the author's entire corpus as well as letters, diaries, and any other biographical material available. Certainly, a single literary work can provide but a very incomplete picture.
    • What might a given interpretation of a literary work suggest about the psychological motives of the reader? Or what might a critical trend suggest about the psychological motives of a group of readers?
    • In what ways does the text seem to reveal characters' emotion investments in the Symbolic Order, the Imaginary Order, the Mirror Stage, or what Lacan calls objet petit a? Does any part of the text seem to represent Lacan's notion of the Real? (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 38-9)
  • Sigmund Freud, from The Interpretation of Dreams: What unconscious Oedipal guilt and castration anxiety might a character (like Hamlet) have? What unconscious fears and desires do the character's dreams symbolize?
    • from "The Uncanny": Does the work have an object that seems familiar yet alien? From that object, what repressed knowledge returns despite and because of the character's anxiety regarding unconscious fears or desires?
    • "Fetishism": Does a character disavow the reality of loss and the symbolics of castration by imbuing an object or idea with sexual potency?
  • Harold Bloom, from The Anxiety of Influence: How does the author unconsciously misread her literary rivals, i.e., predecessors in order to create her own original work?
  • Jacques Lacan, "The Mirror Stage": What mirror or image establishes and provides a character her sense of self? With whom or what does she identify?
    • "The Signification of the Phallus": How do characters feign possession of phallic power?
  • Julia Kristeva, from Revolution in Poetic Language: How do the underlying drives of the text and character break through and transform the conventional symbolic order of the work?
  • Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, from A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Does the book shatter linear unity? Does the work deterritorialize (unbind and unbound) traditional Freudian circuits of desire?
  • Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (Leitch 2081-95): Describe which character the audience is supposed to identify with. When looking through the eyes of this character, do women function as femme fatales, in other words, as desirable yet castrating sex objects?
  • Slavoj Žižek, "The Hitchcockian Blot": Does any part of the work "stick out" or "does not fit," like a piece of the Real that stains the Symbolic? Does the work include a Real disturbance in Symbolic social relations?
  • Kelly Oliver, "Witnessing and Testimony": Describe the main character as a subject, in other words, the dynamic tension between her sociohistorical subject position and her unconscious psyche.
• Marxist Criticism
  • Overview: Does the work reinforce (intentionally or not) capitalist, imperialist, or classist values?
    • How might the work be seen as a critique of capitalism, imperialism, or classism?
    • Does the work in some ways support a Marxist agenda but in other ways (perhaps unintentionally) support a capitalist, imperialist, or classist agenda? In other words, is the work ideologically conflicted?
    • How does the literary work reflect (intentionally or not) the socioeconomic conditions of the time in which it was written and/or the time in which it is set, and what do those condtions reveal about the history of class struggle?
    • How might the work be seen as a critique of organized religion? That is, how does religion function in the text to keep a character or characters from realizing and resisting socioeconomic oppression? (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 68)
  • György (Georg) Lukács, from The Historical Novel (Leitch 905-21): What is the essence or totality of the work in terms of the dialectic between immediate subjective experience and objective reality of historical, economic living conditions?
  • Terry Eagleton, "Categories for a Materialist Criticism": What are the social relations among the general mode of production and the literary mode of production? What are the relations among the general ideology, the authorial ideology, and the aesthetic ideology that produce the literary text?
  • Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility": Does the literary work have an authenticity or aura, a ritualistic or cultic quality surrounding its experience? Is the work exhibited to the masses (the cineplex of mass reproducibility and mass consumption) or the individual (museum of the sacred experience of art)?
  • Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, from "The Culture Industry": What does the literary work suggest, either intrinsically in terms of ideological theme, or extrinsically in terms of the relationship between the work and reality, about the relationship between pleasure and labor (or, more classically, from Marlowe, profit and delight)? What does the literary work do to the thinking individual, the viewer or reader (or, more classically, from Socrates, the contemplative life)?
  • Raymond Williams, "Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory": Inside the text, how does the ideological superstructure reflect the economic base ("the real social existence of man") of the society portrayed in the work of literature? Does the work portray one group in authority dominating over another ideologically and economically (hegemony)? Outside the text, what is the relationship of the literary work to the conditions of cultural and ideological practice in the world? Does the literary work express the dominant hegemony or an alternate practice?
  • Fredric Jameson, from The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act: How does the text, as a political act, reflect the historical events of the time period in which it was written? How does the text represent the class conflicts of the characters inside the text and the external social tensions that produced the text? What is the relationship between the form of the text and the ideology of the time period that produced it?
  • Louis Althusser, from "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses": What ideological state apparatuses (religious, educational, family, legal, political, trade-union, media, cultural) in or of the literary work cause an imaginary relationship of the characters or readers to their real conditions of existence?
  • Stuart Hall, "Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies": Examine the representations of power—politics, race, class, and gender subjugation, domination, exclusion, marginality, Otherness, etc." in the text.
  • Dick Hebdige, from Subculture: The Meaning of Style: If there is a subculture group represented in the text, what are its signs and how does it challenge the symbolic world of the dominant culture?
• Feminist Criticism and Gender Studies
  • Overview: What does the work reveal about the operations (economically, politically, socially, or psychologically) of patriarchy? How are women portrayed? How do these portrayals relate to the gender issues of the period in which the novel was written or is set? In other words, does the work reinforce or undermine patriarchal ideology?
    • What does the work suggest about the ways in which race, class, and/or other cultural factors intersect with gender in producing women’s experience?
    • How is the work "gendered"? That is, how does it seem to deine femininity and masculinity? Does the characters' behavior always conform to their assigned genders? Does the work suggest that there are genders other than feminine and masculine? What seems to be the work's attitude toward the gender(s) it portrays?
    • What does the work imply about the possibilities of sisterhood as a mode of resisting patriarchy and/or about the ways in which women’s situations in the world—economic, political, social, or psychological—might be improved?
    • What does the history of the work’s reception by the public and by the critics tell us about the operations of patriarchy? Has the literary work been ignored or neglected in the past? Why? Or, if recognized in the past, is the work ignored or neglected now? Why?
    • What does the work suggest about women’s creativity?
    • What might an examination of the author’s style contribute to the ongoing efforts to delineate a speci!cally feminine form of writing (for example, écriture féminine)?
    • What role does the work play in terms of women’s literary history and literary tradition? (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 119-20)
  • Monique Wittig, "One Is Not Born a Woman": What are the material (socioeconomic, historical) conditions of women in the novel? How does the heterosexual class system affect the characters? Can the female characters live freely?
  • Kimberlé Crenshaw, "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics": How are characters from various marginalized groups compartmentalized by the dominant view in the literary work, and how might the work reveal the intersection of race, class, gender, and/or sexuality, etc.?
  • Judith Butler, from Gender Trouble: How is a character's body (and therefore interiority) culturally inscribed? How does the character performatively fabricate and construct her (gender) identity?
• Lesbian Criticism, Gay Criticism, and Queer Theory
  • Overview: What are the politics (ideological agendas) of specific gay, lesbian, or queer works, and how are those politics revealed in, for example, the work’s thematic content or portrayals of its characters?
    • What are the poetics (literary devices and strategies) of a specific lesbian, gay, or queer work? What does the work contribute to the ongoing attempt to de!ne a uniquely lesbian, gay, or queer poetics, literary tradition, or canon?
    • What does the work contribute to our knowledge of queer, gay, or lesbian experience and history, including literary history?
    • How is queer, gay, or lesbian experience coded in texts that are apparently heterosexual? (This analysis is usually done for works by writers who lived at a time when openly queer, gay, or lesbian texts would have been considered unacceptable, or it is done in order to help reformulate the sexual orientation of a writer formerly presumed heterosexual.)
    • How might the works of heterosexual writers be reread to reveal an unspoken or unconscious lesbian, gay, or queer presence? That is, does the work have an unconscious lesbian, gay, or queer desire or conflict that it submerges (or that heterosexual readers have submerged)?
    • What does the work reveal about the operations (socially, politically, psychologically) of heterosexism? Is the work (consciously or unconsciously) homophobic? Does the work critique, celebrate, or blindly accept heterosexist values?
    • How does the literary text illustrate the problematics of sexuality and sexual “identity,” that is, the ways in which human sexuality does not fall neatly into the separate categories defined by the words homosexual and heterosexual? (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 341-2)
  • Adrienne Rich, from "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence": How do the cultural institutions portrayed in the work, like patriarchy and heterosexism, control characters' sexuality? How does the work portray women-centered activities and sexual identities?
  • Judith Jack Halberstam, from Female Masculinity: What is the portrayal of dominant masculinity in the literary work? (How) does the work represent alternative masculinities beyond the white male body, for instance, gay, bisexual, black, Asian, Latino, female, or transgender masculinaties? (How) does ambiguous gender and queer sexuality complicate the cultural, political, and patriarchal gender binary of the literary work?
  • Gayle Rubin, from "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality": How is character sexuality produced by the institutions, regulations, and culture represented within the literary work? What are the politics of sexuality and the ideology of sex in the literary work?
  • Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner, "Sex in Public": What does the literary work suggest about social norms regarding sexuality and intimacy? Is heteronormativity hegemonic, or are transgressive, queer sexualities on transformative display?
• Postcolonial Criticism
  • Overview: How does the literary text, explicitly or allegorically, represent various aspects of colonial oppression? Special attention is often given to those areas where political and cultural oppression overlap, as it does, for example, in the colonizers’ control of language, communication, and knowledge in colonized countries.
    • What does the text reveal about the problematics of postcolonial identity, including the relationship between personal and cultural identity and such issues as double consciousness and hybridity?
    • What does the text reveal about the politics and/or psychology of anticolonialist resistance? For example, what does the text suggest about the ideological, political, social, economic, or psychological forces that promote or inhibit resistance? How does the text suggest that resistance can be achieved and sustained by an individual or a group?
    • What does the text reveal about the operations of cultural difference—the ways in which race, religion, class, gender, sexual orientation, cultural beliefs, and customs combine to form individual identity—in shaping our perceptions of ourselves, others, and the world in which we live? Othering might be one area of analysis here.
    • How does the text respond to or comment on the characters, topics, or assumptions of a canonized (colonialist) work? Examine how the postcolonial text reshapes our previous interpretations of a canonical text.
    • Are there meaningful similarities among the literatures of different postcolonial populations? One might compare, for example, the literatures of native peoples from different countries whose land was invaded by colonizers, the literatures of white settler colonies in different countries, or the literatures of different populations in the African diaspora. Or one might compare literary works from all three of these categories in order to investigate, for example, if the experience of colonization creates some common elements of cultural identity that outweigh differences in race and nationality.
    • How does the text represent relationships between the characters it portrays—for example, culturally dominant characters, subalterns, and cultural outsiders—and the land these characters inhabit? Does the narrator's attitude toward the natural setting, or the attitude of any character toward the natural setting, change over time? What kinds of relationships between human beings and nature does the text seem to promote?
    • How does a literary text in the Western canon reinforce or undermine colonialist ideology through its representation of colonization and/or its inappropriate silence about colonized peoples? Does the text teach us anything about colonialist or anticolonialist ideology? (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 426-7)
  • Chinua Achebe, "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness": How does the literary work portray a continent or race in general, especially a Western work representing Africa and Africans? Does the work create an image that others and challenges the humanity and equality of native peoples? Consider the psychology of the author and her society that engenders an imagination full of such stereotypes.
  • Frantz Fanon, from The Wretched of the Earth: (How) Does the literary work advocate for colonized people to fight for their freedom? If the work is postcolonial literature, what is its relationship with pre-colonial culture and colonial culture?
  • Edward Said, from "Orientalism": Does the literary work reflect Western cultural hegemony, in other words does it engender an ideology and create a system of stereotypical representations in which its own discursive position the dominates the knowledge created in and by the so-called inferior East?
  • Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, from A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: If the literary text contains subaltern characters, in what ways are they subjected to imperialist ideology? In what ways does communication between colonized or subaltern characters fail in the literary work?
• Ecocriticism
  • Overview: What do we mean by "nature," both in a given text and in our world?
    • How is nature portrayed in the text?
    • How are characters in a text portrayed in relationship to nature?
    • How do the characters interact with nature, and how does nature interact with the characters?
    • How does the text demonstrate how the microcosm (humanity) affects the macrocosm (nature), and how the macrocosm affects the microcosm?
    • How does the actual physical setting of a text affect the text's plot?
    • How are race, class, and gender inllustrated in the text, and how are they related to nature or the land?
    • What particular historical period is depicted in the text? How is this historical period related to issues of nature or the land?
    • Is the text challenging its readers to environmental action and promoting changes in how we treat nature? Other classes? Races? Genders? (Charles E. Bressler, "Ecocriticism" 237)
      
  • Jane Bennett, from Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things: How are nonhumans—animals, plants, earth, artifacts, commodities—treated in the literary work, both by characters and by the author? What is the characters' and works' attitude toward thing-power, the vitality, energy, and independent force of things?
  • Timothy Morton, from The Ecological Thought: Is the work ecologically conscious and aware? Does it resist ideology and unconsciousness by thinking in terms of the reality and the interconnectedness of humanity and nature, or does it succumb to mythic dreams and repression?
  • Glen A. Love, "Revaluing Nature: Toward an Ecological Criticism": What does the literary work suggest about the morality of the non-human world? What ecological considerations does the literary work convey?
  • David Mazel, "Ecocritical Theory, American Literary Environmentalism": What does the literary work say about the environment? What is the textual representation of the environment, and what does that portrayal suggest about cultural practices (and fantasies and pathologies) of the time period in which the work was written?
• Reader-Response Criticism
  • Overview: How does the interaction of text and reader create meaning? How, exactly,
    does the text’s indeterminacy function as a stimulus to interpretation? (For example, what events are omitted or unexplained? What descriptions are omitted or incomplete? What images might have multiple associations?) And how exactly does the text lead us to correct our interpretation as we read?
    • What does a phrase-by-phrase analysis of a short literary text, or of key portions of a longer text, tell us about the reading experience prestructured by (built into) that text? How does this analysis of what the text does to the reader differ from what the text “says” or "means"? In other words, how might the omission of the temporal experience of reading this text result in an incomplete idea of the text’s meaning?
    • How might we interpret a literary text to show that the reader’s response is, or is analogous to, the topic of the story? In other words, how is the text really about readers reading, and what exactly does it tell us about this topic? To simplify further, how is a particular kind of reading experience an important theme in the text? Of course, we must !rst establish what reading experience is created by the text (see Question 2) in order to show that the theme of the story is analogous to it. Then we must cite textual evidence—for example, references to reading materials, to characters reading texts, and to characters interpreting other characters or events—to show that what happens in the world of the narrative mirrors the reader's situation decoding it.
    • Drawing on a broad spectrum of thoroughly documented biographical data, what seems to be a given author's identity theme, and how does that theme express itself in the sum of his or her literary output?
    • What does the body of criticism published about a literary text suggest about the critics who interpreted that text and/or about the reading experience produced by that text? You might contrast critical camps writing during the same period, writing during different periods, or both. What does your analysis suggest about the ways in which the text is created by readers' interpretive strategies or by their psychological or ideological projections?
    • If you have the resources to do it, what can you learn about the role of readers' interpretive strategies or expectations, about the reading experience produced by a particular text, or about any other reading activity by conducting your own study using a group of real readers (for example, your students, classmates, or fellow book-club members)? For example, can you devise a study to test Bleich' s belief that students’ personal responses to literary texts are the source of their formal interpretations? (Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today 180-1)
  • Wolfgang Iser, "Interaction between Text and Reader": How does the reader fill in the blanks (the gaps of referential meaning in the literary text)? How does the structure of the blanks control and regulate the reader's interpretation of the literary work? What is the meaning of the text based on the interconnection and transaction of the reader's interpretation and the text object?
  • Stanley Fish, from Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities: What is the reader's interpretive strategy that she learned from her institution or community? How does the interpretive community make the meaning of the literary work?
  • Norman N. Holland, "Unity Identity Text Self": What particular themes does the reader seek out in literary works? In what ways is the reader's interpretation of the literary work a function of her identity?

Discussion Questions

In addition to participating in Zoom meetings of the entire class and Zoom breakout meetings for small group activities, you can also respond to questions on the GeorigaVIEW discussion forum.

• Week 2: Tuesday, August 18 and Thursday, August 20
  • John Crowe Ransom, "Criticism, Inc.": Written in 1937, Ransom criticizes artists, philosophers, English professors, New Humanists and Leftists, reader response critics, historicists, and moralists for straying from the "business of criticism," i.e., the scientific and systematic study of literature. Write a paragraph answering that responds to the following questions: Do you agree with his critique? Citing specific examples, do you see his influence in the way your are taught to study literature today?
  • Cleanth Brooks, "The Heresy of Paraphrase": Brooks argues that formulations in conventional language ("prose-sense") leads away from the poetic language and center of the poem ("inner/essential structure"). Write a paragraph that responds to the following questions: According to the heresy of paraphrase, do you think a critic or scholar analyze the structure and meaning of a poem without violating it?
  • William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley, "The Intentional Fallacy" and "The Affective Fallacy": In our class's interpretation survey, many of you noted that you ask about the author's intended theme and the work's relatability. What would Wimsatt and Beardsley say to you about your questions, and what would you say to them?
• Week 3: Tuesday, August 25 and Thursday, August 27
  • T. S. Eliot, "Tradition and the Individual Talent": How do Eliot's conceptions of tradition and depersonalization align with New Criticism and formalism? How do they differ?
  • F. R. Leavis, from The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad: How does Leavis's understanding of form coincide with New Criticism and formalism? How does it differ?
  • Sigmund Freud, from The Interpretation of Dreams, from "The Uncanny," and "Fetishism": How does Freud use art and literature in his theories of
  the psyche?

Small Group Activities

In addition to participating in Zoom meetings of the entire class and the GeorgiaVIEW discussion forum, you can also work with small groups in Zoom breakout rooms.

 

Zoom Breakout Room	Students
Breakout Room 1	Christina Agramonte Austin Cole Signe Madson
Breakout Room 2	Rosalie Bodkin Alex West
Breakout Room 3	Grace Carlson Caleb James Ellen Yeudall

• Week 2: Thursday, August 20
  • Practice Article Summary: To prepare to write the article summaries, today during the regularly scheduled class time, we're going to divide into Zoom Breakout Rooms and practice an abbreviated article summary.
  • Elect a secretary to record your answers to the questions, spend 30-45 minutes discussing the passager, and post your response to GeorgiaVIEW > Discussions > Small Group Activity. I'll drop into Zoom Breakout Rooms. Here are the issues each group should discuss.
    • What is the article topic?
    • What is the article's main idea?
    • Define a couple of key terms.
    • Select, discuss, and explain a significant passage.
    • Identify the question or questions would the theorist ask of any work of literature.
    • How does Lois Tyson's exemplary New Critical article follow the formalist approach to interpreting literature?
• Here are the small groups:
  • Zoom Breakout Room 1: Brooks, "The Heresy of Paraphrase"
  • Zoom Breakout Room 2: Wimsatt and Beardsley, "The Intentional Fallacy"
  • Zoom Breakout Room 3: Wimsatt and Beardsley, "The Affective Fallacy"
• Week 3: Thursday, August 27
  • Psychoanalyticism Criticism and Sigmund Freud: For today's activity, let's review the psychoanalytic criticism Tyson chapter and professor lecture notes, and also discuss Freud's articles.
  • Elect a secretary to record your responses to the following questions, and post your answer to GeorgiaVIEW > Discussions > Small Group Activity.
    • Regarding Tyson's overview chapter and the slide lecture, what are one or two of the most important ideas from the chapter and slides?
    • What are one or two questions you have about psychoanalytic theory and criticism?
    • Regarding your group's assigned Freud article, explain the title Freudian concept.
    • How does Freud use literature in developing his psychoanalytic concepts, or how do Freud's psychoanalytic concepts help interpret literature?
• Here are the groups and articles:
  • Zoom Breakout Room 1: Freud, from The Interpretation of Dreams
  • Zoom Breakout Room 2: Freud, "The Uncanny"
  • Zoom Breakout Room 3: Freud, "Fetishism"
• Week 5: Thursday, September 10
  • Practice Interpretation Exercise: Today's let's practice psychoanalytic criticism by employing Lois Tyson's Using Critical Theory interpretation exercises on the literary works we haven't talked about yet.
  • Elect a secretary to record your discussion, and post your responses to GeorgiaVIEW > Discussions > Small Group Activity.
  • Here are the groups and texts:
    • Zoom Breakout Room 1: Ellison, "Battle Royale"
    • Zoom Breakout Room 2: Jewelle Gomez, "Don't Explain"
    • Zoom Breakout Room 3: Alice Walker, "Everyday Use"

Article Summary and Article Application

The informal article summary compels you to practice determining the key ideas of a specific theorist's essay, and the informal article application compels you to apply a specific theorist's ideas when interpreting a work of literature. In order to develop tentative understanding of sometimes difficult ideas, you will pair up to discuss the article, and then one person will summarize it and the other will apply it. Over the course of the semester, you will both summarize an article and apply an article.

Article Summary

The article summary, which will summarize a particular theorist's essay, should

• be 3-4 pages long,
• be formatted in MLA style in Word format (I suggest using this template),
• summarize the article's argument for approaching literature (if there are multiple articles on the syllabus by a single author, summarize only one),
• quote and explain at least two significant passage(s),
• define key terms,
• and include questions that the theorist would ask of the work of literature

Article Application

The article application, which will critically read a work of literature by applying a particular theorist's ideas, should

• be 3-4 pages long,
• be formatted in MLA style in Word format (I suggest using this template),
• briefly explicitly pose questions that the theorist would ask a work of literature (about a half page)
• respond to those questions for a single work of literature we're reading as a class this semester (about 2-3 pages): Dickinson's "I started Early—Took my Dog," Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," Ellison's "The Battle Royal," Walker's "Everyday Use," or Gomez's "Don't Explain"

Due Dates

1. Your written assignment will be due in two places (first, GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Discussions and, second, either Assignments > Article Summary or Assignments > Article Application) two days before we are scheduled to discuss an article. Failing to submit to GeorgiaVIEW means failure of the assignment.
2. I will return your graded assignment to you in GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Article Summary or Article Application approximately one week after we discuss the article in class. Due to GeorgiaVIEW limitations, I am unable to return graded assignments to you unless and until you submit them to the Assignment dropbox. Here's how to calculate your course grade.
3. For example, we are scheduled to discuss Kristeva and Deleuze and Guattari on Thursday, 9-3. Therefore, someone's article summary and someone else's article application will be due in GeorgiaVIEW on Tuesday, 9-1. Those two students will choose which article (Kristeva's or Deleuze and Guattari's); and they will meet to discuss the article's main ideas and how to apply it to a work of literature we're reading in class. Then, each student will write their own paper, either summary or evaluation and post it to the class discussion board by Tuesday, 9-1. I will return the graded article summary and application to the students the following week in GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Article Summary or Article Application.

Sign Up

Sign up here for two slots: one article summary (sum) and one article application (app) at least three weeks apart. Note that you will discuss the article with the other person scheduled to write about it as well as coordinate your summaries and applications.

 

Due Date	Reading	Student
S, 8-30	1 Lacan	sum Alex West
		app
T, 9-1	2 Kristeva or Deleuze and Guattari	sum Austin Cole
		app Grace Carlson
S, 9-6	3 Mulvey	sum Rosalie Bodkin
		app Signe Madson
S, 9-27	4 Williams or Jameson	sum Christina Agramonte
		app Caleb James
T, 9-29	5 Althusser	sum Signe Madson
		app Ellen Yeudall
S, 10-11	6 Wittig or Crenshaw	sum Caleb James
		app Christina Agramonte
T, 10-20	7 Halberstam or Rubin	sum Ellen Yeudall
		app Rosalie Bodkin
T, 11-3	8 Fanon	sum Grace Carlson
		app Austin Cole
	9 Said	sum
		app Alex West

Interpretation Exercise

While the article summary compels you to practice determining the key ideas of a specific theorist's essay and the article application compels you to apply a specific theorist's ideas when interpreting a work of literature, in an informal manner and with help of a partner, the interpretation exercise requires you to work alone to complete an interpretation exercise in Lois Tyson's Using Critical Theory and then compose a formal essay that applies the general concepts of a critical approach in the interpretation of a work of literature as well as the specific concepts from one or two particular theorists of the critical approach. Your written essay should be built from the interpretation exercise, guided by a thesis, and prove a theoretically informed interpretation of a work of literature using appropriate evidence. Your well-organized presentation should clearly convey how you are using concepts from the critical theory to interpret the work of literature.

Parameters

• Length: 4-5 pages
• Format: MLA style in Word format (I suggest using this template)
  • This essay does not require a Works Cited page, unless it cites a source outside of the course syllabus.
• Due: The paper is due in two places on the assigned day of discussion:
  • GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Discussions > Assignments and Discussion Questions
  • GeorgiaVIEW > Assignments > Interpretation Exercise).
• Grade: Your assignment will be assessed in terms of thesis and usage of the critical theory concepts; your project will be graded approximately one week after submission in GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Interpretation Exercise. Here's how to calculate your course grade.

Sign Up

Sign up here for one interpretation exercise slot. I strongly recommend that your interpretation exercise be scheduled two or three weeks apart from your article summary and article application.

 

Due Date	Exercise	Student
T, 9-10	Tyson, Psychoanalytic Theory: Dickinson, Ellison, or Faulkner	1
	Tyson, Psychoanalytic Theory: Gomez or Walker	2
T, 10-6	Tyson, Marxist Theory: Dickinson or Ellison	3 Signe Madson
	Tyson, Marxist Theory: Faulkner, Gomez, or Walker	4 Alex West
R, 10-15	Tyson, Feminist Theory: Dickinson, Ellison, or Faulkner	5 Ellen Yeudall
	Tyson, Feminist Theory: Gomez or Walker	6 Austin Cole
T, 10-27	Tyson, Lesbian, Gay, and Queer Theory: Dickinson or Ellison (the student who signs up for this slot may may submit Exam 2 on T, 11-3)	7 Rosalie Bodkin
	Tyson, Lesbian, Gay, and Queer Theory: Faulkner, Gomez, or Walker (the student who signs up for this slot may may submit Exam 2 on T, 11-3)	8 Christina Agramonte
T, 11-10	Tyson, Postcolonial Theory: Dickinson, Ellison, or Faulkner	9 Caleb James
	Tyson, Postcolonial Theory: Gomez or Walker	10 Grace Carlson

Group Presentation

In the formal presentation, two or three groups of students will collaborate to teach two of the following eight critical approaches to the class:

• African-American criticism
• cognitive criticism
• deconstruction
• ecocriticism
• existentialism and phenomenology
• New Historicism
• structuralism
• reader-response criticism

On Thursday, October 22, students will form groups. By Thursday, November 5, groups will inform the professor of their first and second choice.

 

One week before the presentation, the group should inform the class of what 1 overview article and 1 theoretical article it will teach as well as provide the professor with copies of the articles (if not in Tyson's Critical Theory Today and Leitch's The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism ).

 

During the 30-45 minute presentation followed by 10 minute question and answer session, the group should

• provide an overview of the method (based on an overview article like Tyson's)
• that compares and contrasts the method with at least 2-3 critical approaches previously studied, and also
• that defines both the theory of the method and describes the practice of the method
• see the professor if Tyson doesn't provide overviews of your method
• teach one or two theoretical articles by a specific theorists articles can be found in Leitch'sThe Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism
  • 3 member groups teach 1 theoretical article
  • 4 member groups teach 2 theoretical articles
  • see the professor if your method is not represented in the anthology.
• demonstrate the method with an interpretation of either one of the five texts in Tyson's Using Critical Theory (Dickinson, Ellison, Faulkner, Gomez, Walker).

Parameters

• Time: 25-35 minute presentation, 10 minute question and answer session
• Format: Use any audiovisuals you wish, like a Powerpoint, Prezi, or website
• Due: The presentation is due on the group's scheduled date. One group member should submit the presentation file (if applicable) to GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Group Presentation.
• Group Policy: Each group member is responsible for staying connected with the group, attending meetings, actively participating in meetings, doing her delegated work, i.e., contributing her fair share to the project. In order to hold singular members accountable in a team project, each group member should individually compose and submit to GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Group Presentation - Individual Evaluation a paragraph that assesses their own performance and their peer's service to the assignment. If it becomes apparent that a group member did not participate (skipped meetings, didn't complete her assigned work, etc.), that member will be assessed individually rather than receive the group grade.
• Grade: Your assignment will be assessed in terms of understanding and presentatio of the theoretical overview, primary theories, and critical reading. Retrieve your graded assignment in GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Group Presentation approximately one week after you submit. Due to GeorgiaVIEW limitations, I cannot return your graded assignment unless and until you upload a file to the Dropbox. Here's how to calculate your course grade.

Sign Up

You will sign up for groups on Thursday, October 22.

 

Date	Theory	Students
T, 11-17	Group 1 Ecocriticism	Rosalie Bodkin
		Caleb James
		Signe Madson
		Ellen Yeudall
R, 11-19	Group 2 Deconstruction	Christina Agramonte
		Grace Carlson
		Austin Cole
		Alex West

Exam 1

Exam 1 will cover formalism (New Criticism) and psychoanalysis. There will be two essay questions. In the first essay, you will be asked to compare and contrast the formalist and psychoanalytic methodologies. The second essay question will ask you to demonstrate and practice the formalist and psychoanalytical approaches to literature on your choice of one text from the following: 1) Anne Sexton's poem "The Black Art" or 2) Lorrie Moore's short story "How to Be an Other Woman," both available in the GeorgiaVIEW course packet.

 

Your theory essay will be graded on 1) your ability to balance a broad understanding of the general theory with a healthy amount of specific terms from particular theorists as well as on 2) your ability to assess similarities and differences between the two general theories.

 

Your application essay grade will be based on how you interpret the text; in other words, illustrate your understanding of the critical methodologies by making apparent the questions a New Critic and psychoanalytic critic ask of a text.

Parameters

• Essay 1: Theory
  • Define Formalist/New Criticism in general and explain one formalist theorist's specific understanding of it. Formalist theorists include John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley, T. S. Eliot, and F. R. Leavis.
  • Define Psychoanalytic Criticism in general and explicate one psychoanalytic theorist's specific version of it. Psychoanalytic theorists include Sigmund Freud, Harold Bloom, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Laura Mulvey, Slavoj Žižek, and Kelly Oliver.
  • In what ways are Formalist Criticism and Psychoanalytic Criticism similar? In what ways are they different?
  • Note: Use and explain key terms from Lois Tyson's overviews as well as terms from the specific theorists' articles.
• Essay 2: Practice
  • Select a work of literature to which you will apply a critical approach: either the poem "The Black Art" by Anne Sexton or the short story by "How to Be the Other Woman" by Lorrie Moore.
  • What would a general Formalist theorist ask about the literary work, and how might she interpret the text? What concept(s) from a specific Formatist theorist help to elucidate the meaning of the work?
  • What would a general Psychoanalytic theorist ask about the literary work, and how might she interpret the text? What concept(s) from a specific Psychoanalytic theorist help to elucidate the meaning of the work?
  • Note: Your illustration of the critical methodology guiding your interpretation is more important than your conclusion; therefore, show your understanding of the theory in how you analyze the text.
• Parameters
  • Show what you know about the theories by explaining their core ideas about how to critically approach literature as well as defining their key terms.
  • Use specific theorists only once. For example, if you use Brooks in Essay 1, you can’t use him in Essay 2. Over the course of two essays, you should discuss the particular ideas of four specific and different theorists: two in each essay.
  • Due: GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Dropbox > Exam 1 on Tuesday, September 15
  • Length: 4-6 pages per essay, 8-12 pages total, submitted in a single file
  • Format: MLA style in Word format (I suggest using this template)
  • Grade: You will be assessed on your understanding of 1) the two methodologies, 2) the four specific theorists, 3) connections and distinctions among the methods and theorists, and 4) how to apply the methods and theorists. Your graded exam will be returned to GeorgiaView > Course Work > Assignments > Exam 1 approximately one week after you submit it. Due to GeorgiaVIEW limitations, I cannot return your graded paper unless and until you upload it to the Dropbox. Here's how to calculate your course grade.

Exam 2

• Essay 1: Theory
• Select Marxism and Cultural Studies and either Feminsm and Gender Studies or Lesbian/Gay Criticism and Queer Theory. Then compare and contrast 1) how two generic theorists (a generic Marxist theorist and a generic theorist, either Feminist theorist or a Queer theorist) approach art and literature in terms of meaning and 2) how two specific theorists approach art and literature in terms of meaning. What is meaningful and what constitutes meaning inside or outside of a text? Use and define key terms that have significance and meaning for the general theory and key terms particular to a specific theorist.
• Note:Your selected option of Feminism and Gender Studies or Lesbian/Gay Criticism and Queer Theory must be consistent throughout individual essays and the entire exam. For instance, if you choose Feminism and Gender Studies, then you must discuss Feminist and Gender Studies theory in both essays and your specific theorists must be from the Feminist and Gender Studies unit.
• Your essay should cover
  1. a general overview of Marxist theory
  2. a specific understanding of a particular Marxist theorist (Marx and Engels, Eagleton, Lukács, Benjamin, Horkheimer and Adorno, Jameson, Williams, Althusser, Hall, or Hebdige)
  3. a general understanding of either Feminism and Gender Studies or Lesbian/Gay Criticism and Queer Theory
  4. a specific understanding of either a particular Feminist theorist (Wittig, Crenshaw, Butler) or a particular Queer theorist (Rich, Halberstam, Rubin, or Berlant and Warner)
  5. a comparison and contrast of the two theories
• Essay 2: Interpretation
  • Choose either 1) the poem "Howl" by Allen Ginsberg, 2) the short story "Smoke, Lilies, and Jade" by Richard Burce Nugent, 3) the 2017-present television series One Day at a Time, or 4) Olivia Wilde's film Booksmart; and then write an essay that compares and contrasts a Marxist and Culturals Studies reading with either a Feminist and Gender Studies reading or a Lesbian/Gay Criticism and Queer Theory reading. 1) Discuss a specific Marxist theorist's method for analyzing literature and then interpret your selected work based on that approach. 2) Discuss either a specific Feminist or Queer theorist's method for analyzing literature and then interpret your selected work based on that approach. 3) Compare and contrast your two readings of the work of literature. How would the particular theorists (both of your choosing, but not repeating an author used in the first essay) interpret the work with their particular versions of the general method, and how might the readings be similar and different? Unlike a traditional literature essay exam which would only require you to elucidate the meaning of the work of literature, your answer in this exam should explicitly exemplify the methods that guide interpretation of meaning. In other words, your essay should illustrate the differing interpretive theories that underlie the practice of criticism.
  • Note: Do not discuss a particular theorist more than once on your exam. For example, if you analyze Benjamin in Essay 1, you cannot apply his theory in Essay 2 and vice versa.
  • Your essay should cover
    1. a specific reading of the work of literature by defining and applying a particular Marxist theorist's methodology (Marx and Engels, Eagleton, Lukács, Benjamin, Horkheimer and Adorno, Jameson, Althusser, Williams, Hall, or Hebdige)
    2. a specific reading of the work of literature by defining and applying either a particular Feminist theorist's methodology (Wittig, Crenshaw, Butler) or a particular Queer theorist's methodology (Rich, Halberstam, Rubin, or Berlant and Warner)
    3. a comparison and contrast of the two readings
• Parameters
  • Due: GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Dropbox > Exam 2 on Thursday, October 29
  • Length: 5-7 pages per essay, 10-14 pages total, submitted in a single file
  • Format: MLA style in Word format (I suggest using this template)
  • Grade: You will be assessed on your understanding of 1) the two methodologies, 2) the four specific theorists, 3) connections and distinctions among the methods and theorists, and 4) how to apply the methods and theorists. Your graded exam will be returned to GeorgiaView > Course Work > Assignments > Exam 2 approximately one week after you submit it. Due to GeorgiaVIEW limitations, I cannot return your graded paper unless and until you upload it to the Dropbox. Here's how to calculate your course grade.

Exam 3

• Essay 1: Theory
  • Compare and contrast Postcolonialism and your choice of either of the group project theories. Be sure to address both the critical theory and the interpretive practice. Your essay should cover
    1. a general overview of Postcolonialism
    2. a specific understanding of a particular Postcolonial theorist
    3. a general understanding of the second theory
    4. a specific understanding of a particular theorist from the second theory
    5. a comparison and contrast of the two theories
• Essay 2: Interpretation
  • Select any work of literature (play, poetry, fiction, graphic novel, film, or television program; approved by your professor by Tuesday, November 26) and read it through the lens of any two theorists in the course (articles marked theory, not articles marked overview, on the syllabus).
  • Your essay should provide
    1. a focused thesis that makes an overarching interpretive claim, controls your argument, and structures your paper
    2. textual evidence from the literary work
    3. literary analysis of textual evidence adhering to the critical approach of two particular theorists that we've read (not the general overviews by Tyson)
    4. sufficient explanation of the particular theorists so that the reader understands how and why you're applying them
• Due: GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Exam 3 on Wednesday, December 2
  • If I do not receive or cannot open your paper, I will email you the day after your paper is due. If I do not receive or cannot open your paper within two days of its due date, you will fail the paper and the class.
• Length: 5-7 pages per essay, 10-14 pages total, submitted in a single file
• Format: MLA style in Word format (I suggest using this template)
• Grade: You will be assessed on your understanding of 1) the two methodologies, 2) the four specific theorists, 3) connections and distinctions among the methods and theorists, and 4) how to apply the methods and theorists.
  • You can access your final grade in the course via PAWS after December 9.
  • In order to read and assess all the exams and papers in my classes by the final grade deadline, I will not be giving feedback on final projects this semester. I am glad to put your exam grade in GeorgiaVIEW > Course Work > Assignments > Exam 3 if you ask me to do so on your paper. I am happy to provide exam feedback at the beginning of spring semester if you email me to set up a conference. Here's how to calculate your course grade.

Student	Text	Theorists
Christina Agramonte	Donnie Darko (Kelly, 2001)	Eliot, Freud
Rosalie Bodkin	Mulan (Bancroft and Cook, 1998)	Halberstam, Rich
Grace Carlson	Coelho, The Alchemist	Leavis, Marx and Engels
Austin Cole	Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird	Jameson, Williams
Caleb James	Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye	Marx and Engels, Horkheimer and Adorno
Signe Madson	Ratatoille (Bird and Pinkava, 2007)	Althusser, Oliver
Alex West	FCLC (2000)	Brooks, Lacan
Ellen Yeudall	Peaky Blinders	Althusser, Freud